Thursday, March 12, 2026

Taking Aramaïc into account, Qur’an reads as Christian text

 



https://youtu.be/oUXxxvcem0g

 

German Scholars reveal Aramaic-Christian hymns embedded in Qur’an

 

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In the 1970s a German Protestant theologian scholar named Dr Gunther Luling (a Dr. in Arabistics and Islamics and a pioneer in the study of early Islamic origins) wrote his Doctoral thesis on the origins of the Qur’an, where he reconstructed a comprehensive pre-Islamic Christian Hymnal hidden within the Qur’an, taken from 5th-6th century Syriac Christian hymns.

 

His 1970 PhD thesis received the ‘Opus Eximium’ (high distinction) grade, the highest available in Germany, which should have promoted him to professorship anywhere, but in 1972 he was kicked out of his University, for no reason. One German scholar said ‘He was a crack-pot’, possibly because his research was just too new and too explosively controversial.

 

In the 1990s his thesis was translated into English, which gave it a much wider audience, and he was rehabilitated, so that by the time he died in 2014, he had been exonerated.

 

Following Dr Luling’s example another German Arabist and Syriac scholar, Dr Christoph Luxenberg broke new ground on the Qur’an, discovering that much of it came from previous Christian Lectionaries, Homilies, and Hymns, written in Syro-Aramaic, and then interposed into Arabic later on.

 

Like Luling, he was ostracized by the German academic community. As a result, he changed his name and never publicly showed his face, in order not to be identified.

He was curious concerning the 25% of the Qur’an which even the scholars don’t understand, known as the “Dark Passages”, and so decided to apply Luling’s methodology, using his own 7-step process of peeling back the layers of the Arabic to find what the text originally said.

 

Here is his 7-step process:

 

1) He checked al-Tabari’s 10th century Tafsir (commentary) for an Arabic meaning for the words in question.

2) He then checked the 13th century Lisān al-ʿArab (Tongue of Arabs = Arabic Dictionary) which was compiled by Ibn Manzur (in 1290) for dictionary meanings of those words.

3) He looked to see if there were homonymous (synonymous) roots in the Aramaic, even perhaps with a different meaning.

4) He then tried different diacritics (the 5 dots above and below each of the letters in Arabic) to see if he could fine other alternatives.

5) He finally went to the Aramaic language to find an Aramaic root using different Aramaic diacritics (dots similar to those in Arabic).

6) Upon trying the different diacritics, he then re-translated the Arabic words back into the Aramaic using the semantics of the Syro-Aramaic word.

7) And finally he tried to find the lost meanings of Arab words using 10th century Syro-Aramaic lexicons.

 

After employing these 7-step he was able to reproduce the 25% “Dark Passages” and noticed that they were simply Aramaic Christian Lectionaries, Homilies, and Hymns written by Christian priests in the 4th – 6th centuries in worship to JESUS!

 

So, his exercise had nothing to do with ‘what he found’, but ‘who he found’!

 

What can we conclude?

 

•The Qur’an is a mixture of Arabic and Aramaic words, originally written in Aramaic script, later transcribed into the Arabic script.

•When taking Aramaic into account, the Qur’an can be fully understood as a Christian text.

•During the 9th & 10th centuries (according to the Germans), diacritics/vowels were added and the reading was therefore fixed (scriptio plena).

•The present Qur’an is an interpretative act by Muslim Arabs (no longer Christians) who decided where the dots and vowels would go.

•Thus, the Qur’an was changed, and claims that an oral tradition ensures the correct reading are patently false.

 

Here then is a possible time line, including 5 periods of Textual evolution:

 

·7th century = Aramaic texts were transposed into Arabic, though few of the compilers knew Aramaic well.

·8th – 9th centuries = Arabic manuscripts began to appear, but without diacritics or vowels, making it difficult to read.

·8th – 10th centuries = Qira’at & Ahruf copies were compiled (736 – 905 AD) by over 700 different men put their dots/vowels wherever they chose, and then gave their name to their Qur’anic text.

·10th – 15th centuries = 7 Qira’ats (chosen by Ibn Mujahid in 936 AD), then 14 (chosen by al Shatabi in 1194 AD), then 9 ‘Readings’ (chosen by al Jaziri in 1429 AD) were designated the 30 official Qira’at Qur’ans, with over 93,000 differences between them.

 

As different geographical groups memorized their Qur’an, they followed the Qira’at of their choice, which created problems.

 

·20th century = So, in 1924 the final and singular ‘Hafs’ Qur’an was chosen, first for Cairo, then in 1936 for Egypt, and then for the whole world in 1985.

 

So, Muslims began with 1 Qur’an, which became 7, then 21, then 30, and finally back to 1 again. Yet, they still claim that there has always been only 1 Qur’an, without one letter or one word different.

 

 

Wednesday, March 11, 2026

Yoking biblical history to an uneven Sothic Star Egyptology

 


 

by

 Damien F. Mackey

 

 


Biblical history cannot be verified in terms of the conventional

(Sothic-Sirius) Egyptology, which is an artificial construct.

 


 

Introduction

 

When I, in 1981, with a background in ancient history (University of Tasmania), began a search for the great Hebrew patriarch, Moses, I turned for assistance to books with such seemingly relevant titles as The Bible is True (1936), by Sir Charles Marston, and The Bible as History (1964), by Dr. Werner Keller.

 

To my genuine surprise, these books were pitifully unhelpful.

There was no Moses to be found there, nor was there a decent Exodus - just, at most, a handful of families departing from Egypt.

 

Fossicking around, between Moore Theological College and the Fisher Library (University of Sydney), I eventually came across (in Fisher) Dr. Donovan Courville’s life-saving 1971 set, The Exodus Problem and its Ramifications (Vols. 1 and 2).

 

This pioneering work taught me exactly what I needed to know, namely that:

 

Biblical history cannot be verified in terms of the conventional

(Sothic-Sirius) Egyptology, which is an artificial construct.

 

This is what Sir Charles Marston and Dr. Werner Keller had quite failed to understand. They had attempted - that which is totally impossible - to yoke biblical history unevenly (cf. 2 Corinthians 6:14) to an artificially derived chronology of ancient Egypt.

 

Dr. Donovan Courville, on the other hand, a Christian believer in the truth of the Bible, had insisted that the text book ancient chronology must be revised and corrected if biblical events and people were to become identifiable.

 

Having taken to heart this most important instruction, and after much reading (including Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky’s Ages in Chaos series, and UK and US publications devoted to a revision of history), I would soon be embarking upon a post-graduate Masters thesis on this very subject at the University of Sydney. That thesis, The Sothic Star Theory of the Egyptian Calendar, was ultimately passed on both historical and scientific (archaeo-astronomical) grounds.

One examiner commented that, since I had exposed the inadequacies of the Sothic (Sirius)-based astronomical system of Egyptian chronology, “the way now lay open for a more acceptable alternative”. Exactly what I had had in mind all along, a work of reconstruction; but the less interesting work of deconstruction had had to be done first (thanks to advice from a non-university friend).

The whole epic story can be read in my article:

 

Damien F. Mackey’s A Tale of Two Theses

 

(6) Damien F. Mackey's A Tale of Two Theses

 

Creationists and biblical history

 

As far as I am aware, Creationists, or those closely associated with them, commendably intent upon proving that the Bible is actually a true historical record, will have sensibly rejected the Sothic chronology and have gone in pursuit of a revised Egyptology and stratigraphy.

Two interesting examples of this, for me, are the quite different types, Dr. John Osgood and Ron Wyatt (RIP), who was/is very popular amongst Creationists and evangelicals.

 

Dr. John Osgood

 

An Australian Creationist, Dr. Osgood has been working on biblical stratigraphy for 40 years or more. He has been an absolute guru for me as regards biblical archaeology. I doubt if I, myself, would ever have been able to identify the era of Abram (Abraham). Dr. John Osgood, and no other - as far as I am aware - has done just that, pinpointing Abram to Late Chalcolithic En-gedi (Hazazon Tamar) and those associated archaeologies in the Syro-Canaanite region, as well as in Egypt. 

 

I refer to his article, “The Times of Abraham (EN Tech. J., vol. 2, 1986, pp. 77–87):

j02_1_77-87.pdf

And whilst others, too, have made a case for the Middle Bronze I (MBI) nomadic peoples as the Exodus Israelites, none has done this more clearly and convincingly than Dr. Osgood, who will also, in the process, explain the tricky Jericho in a full OT context - from the Conquest to Hiel of Bethel in the days of King Ahab (I Kings 16:34).

 

Thus we learn that the Jericho sequence, in outline, is to be interpreted like this:

 

Joshua’s Conquest – MBI Israelites destroy Early Bronze III Jericho;

King Eglon of Moab – Middle Bronze IIB Jericho;

David’s brief tenure – Middle Bronze IIC/Late Bronze I

Hiel of Bethel – Iron Age

 

Ron Wyatt

 

An amateur US archaeologist, and Bible believer, Ron was well read in ancient history.

 

Unfortunately he, in his determination to prove the Bible to be a real history, coupled with his popularity and wide following, with money flowing in, began to doctor sites. This has been well documented. See, for instance, my article:

 

What of Ron Wyatt’s Egyptian chariot wheels in the Red Sea?

 

(8) What of Ron Wyatt's Egyptian chariot wheels in the Red Sea?

 

God does not need this sort of shonky ‘assistance’.

 

Some Creationists might baulk at the accusations made against them by Australian earth scientist, professor Ian Plimer, even threatening him with Judgment Day.

 

But I think that he makes a valid point.

 

Though I am hesitant to say such a thing, Ron Wyatt was a charlatan, a fraudster.

 

And his ex-wife, Mary Nell, is perpetuating his legacy.

She has written a book, Battle for the Firstborn: The Exodus and the Death of Tutankhamen (2020), based on the extensive research of Ron, and ostensibly God-inspired, in which she claims to have set out definitively how Egyptian history connects with the Old Testament.

 

In my article:

 

Reflecting on the biblical Egyptology of Ron Wyatt’s wife, Mary Nell (Lee)

 

(3) Reflecting on the biblical Egyptology of Ron Wyatt’s wife, Mary Nell (Lee)

 

I wrote, regarding the tendency of the Wyatt pair to claim divine inspiration:

 

According to Mary Nell, Ron believed that he had been able to work out the complexities of Egyptian dynastic history in relation to the Bible only because God had enabled him to do so. Otherwise, it would have been impossible considering the intricacies of the subject.

 

This is so different from what we get from Creationist Dr. John Osgood, an honest researcher, who, no doubt seeking to do the work of God, never goes so far as to claim infallibility from divine inspiration.

 

On a more positive note, I wrote in my article above:

 

Yesterday, the eve of today’s feast-day of the Immaculate Conception (8th December, 2025), I came across a video by Mary Nell (Lee) Wyatt on the high official, Senenmut, of Egypt’s Eighteenth DynastyNEW Discovery | Ron Wyatt Found Evidence For Moses In Egypt!

Prior to this, Mary Nell Wyatt was for me just a name that I had seen associated with, as his wife, the well-known Ron Wyatt. Thus I was stunned to hear her expatiate at great length and fluency on Egyptology, from the First Dynasty all the way through to the Eighteenth, in relation to her large book: Battle for the Firstborn: The Exodus and the Death of Tutankhamen (2020).

Mary Nell’s narrative, heavily based upon the research of her deceased husband, gives as plausible account as most have been able to do of biblical history, from Abram (Abraham) to Moses, in its relation to the Egyptian dynasties. And it is highly original. ….

 

Based on what I have said about the Wyatt pair, and considering also that professionals and many of their fellow evangelicals have considered them to be “fraudulent”:

How have Ron Wyatt’s claims been evaluated by professi...

 

Professional archaeologists and multiple published critiques have overwhelmingly rejected Ron Wyatt’s high‑profile claims—labeling them unscientific, unlicensed, and in many cases fraudulent—while supporters and Wyatt’s own organization continue to promote his finds without peer‑reviewed backing …. Independent examinations and institutional statements (notably from the Israel Antiquities Authority) stress that Wyatt lacked formal archaeological credentials and did not conduct legally licensed excavations, and mainstream specialists have found no verifiable archaeological evidence to support his extraordinary assertions …. [,]

 

I would suggest that God is highly unlikely to bless their efforts with a perfect Daniel-like certainty (cf. Daniel 2:45).

 

For one, the Wyatt reconstruction completely misses out on Dr. John Osgood’s essential biblico-archaeological anchor point:

 

Joshua’s Conquest – MBI Israelites destroy Early Bronze III Jericho.

 

Many of his followers will jump to the defence of Ron Wyatt whenever he is criticised, claiming him to have been a most sincere and personable type. Like most of us, though, he had that other side to him:

Ron Wyatt's personality traits, such as being stubborn and disagreeable, have been noted by those who have worked with him. Richard Rives, who accompanied Wyatt on several expeditions, described him as a sincere man who was warm to his friends but could be stubborn and ornery to those who tried to interfere with his work.

 

The strange case of Douglas Petrovich

 

He is, like Dr. John Osgood, a Creationist.

 

Again, like Dr. Osgood, he is an extremely thorough researcher.

 

And, with Dr. Osgood and Ron Wyatt, he is a firm believer in the truth of the biblical record, and he sets out to demonstrate it, but without resorting to the subterfuges of Ron Wyatt.

 

Like Ron Wyatt, but unlike Dr. Osgood, he (an ordained pastor) appears to believe that to him (as if like a new Moses) has been given divinely inspired insights.

Thus he entitles his YouTube series “Illumining the Path”.

 

Like Ron Wyatt, but unlike the gentlemanly and reasonable Dr. Osgood, he can be a prickly customer. My first very brief encounter with Douglas Petrovich was in May 2022. When I disagreed with him, and had a crack at what I called his “sloppy” research for misquoting me in a way that made an article of mine look silly, he replied in the most unexpected fashion for a scholar-academic. We saw how Creationists have threatened professor Ian Plimer with Judgment Day – well that is how he concluded with me:

 

“Let's see at judgment day whose work the Lord calls sloppy”.

 

This was like a threat from someone who believes himself to be God’s chosen instrument.

No, ‘sorry I mis-quoted you’, as I would have expected from a reasonable academic. (After all, we can all misquote someone). Instead, I am right and you are wrong!

 

What I also find mystifying is that this man, having apparently learned nothing from decades of revisionism and scholarly assaults upon the artificial Sothic scheme of Egyptology, has tried to weld the Bible to the conventional Egyptology, just as had the likes of Sir Charles Marston, long ago, and Dr. Werner Keller.

 

The results are equally fruitless.

In fact, I recently (March 2026) told him, with reference to his “Illumining the Path” series, that it was, like Seinfeld, “a show about nothing”.

 

With that hard taskmaster, Sothic chronology, dictating his every move, Petrovich will locate Joshua in the Late Bronze Age, when there was no city of Jericho to conquer; will have Moses in the Eighteenth Dynasty, but without being able identify the great man there; and will fix Joseph and the Famine during the Twelfth Dynasty, without finding either there.

 

And all this is done in such detail (he could never be called lazy) that must have the heads of his poor audience - seeking guidance along the Path, not up the garden path - spinning.

For that is the effect that it had on me.

 

Wednesday, February 25, 2026

Jesus, as the ‘New Adam’, driven into the wilderness

 


 

“The Gospel of Mark tells us how Jesus began His ministry for us.

After the Holy Spirit fell upon Him at His baptism, Mark says,

“and the Spirit drove Him into the wilderness” (Mark 1:12)”.

 Ken Yates

  

What It Was Like to Be Tossed Out of Paradise? (Genesis 3:24) 

 

October 24, 2022 by Ken Yates in Blog - AdambeastsSecond Adamwilderness

What It Was Like to Be Tossed Out of Paradise? (Genesis 3:24)  – Grace Evangelical Society

 

When I was in the military, we would often go on field exercises. Basically, we would live in the woods for a period of time. The kind of units I was in did not take a lot of equipment. As a result, in the “field,” I did not have a shower. There was no hot food, air conditioning, or a comfortable cot to sleep on. Being a creature of comfort, I was always looking for an opportunity to enjoy those things. I soon learned that hospital units had them, and I would try to visit such units as often as I could. They even had ice cream. I would look for any reason to go there, such as visiting another chaplain, seeing an injured soldier, etc. When I did, I made myself at home and was never in a hurry to leave. I acted like I belonged there. It was paradise.

 

Eventually, someone working there would notice me. They would find out I was not a part of the unit and they would realize I was sponging off of all the wonderful things they provided. Despite any protests on my part, I would be tossed out of the area, back into the “field.” It was always a sad time in my life when that happened. I always missed those hot showers and a comfortable place to take a long nap.

 

In Gen 3:24, Adam is tossed out of Paradise. He lived in a perfect environment, in the Garden of Eden. He had everything he could possibly want. All of creation was in perfect harmony. Unlike me prolonging a visit at a comfortable hospital unit, his own actions caused him to get cast out. His sin had turned that garden into a wilderness, with the ground being cursed and producing thistles. God tossed him out into that field.

 

In my experience in the military, I would tell of others of the trauma I felt going from a hospital to getting tossed into the field. I remember one of my seminary professors, Craig Glickman, describing what happened to Adam, and I thought of the parallels. Adam went from Paradise to getting tossed into the wilderness. Both of us were sad pictures, but I am sure Adam’s sadness was much greater than mine.

 

In the NT, Christ is called the Second Adam (Rom 5:12-211 Cor 15:45-49). To use Glickman’s terminology, Jesus came to turn the wilderness back into paradise, to undo what the stupidity of Adam had caused. He would do what was necessary for His people to leave the wilderness and stay in paradise. It would be like if the army had told me I could leave the field and stay at the hospital forever.

 

The Gospel of Mark tells us how Jesus began His ministry for us. After the Holy Spirit fell upon Him at His baptism, Mark says, “and the Spirit drove Him into the wilderness” (Mark 1:12). Garlington maintains that this is a clear parallel with Gen 3:24, and points to the Lord as the Second Adam. The word “drove” is a forceful one. The Spirit forced Jesus into the wilderness. It reminds the reader that God drove, or tossed, Adam into the wilderness from the Garden of Eden (D. B. Garlington, “Jesus, the Unique Son of God: Tested and Faithful,” Bib Sac 141 (1994): 289).

 

The very mention of the word “wilderness” in Mark 1:12 reminds us what happened in Genesis 3. Eden had been turned into a wilderness. The fact that Jesus would be tempted by Satan also reminds us that the first Adam was tempted by the evil one.

Mark is the only Gospel that mentions that in the wilderness, Jesus would find Himself with “the wild beasts.” France comments that this also points to Genesis 3. Prior to Adam’s sin, in Paradise, there were no wild beasts. After his sin, and being placed in the wilderness, there were (R. T. France, The Gospel of Mark, 86).

 

The curse that Adam brought into the world, of course, also resulted in death. The wilderness throughout Scripture is a place of death.

 

Glickman, Garlington, and France are all correct. Mark’s description of Jesus being driven into the wilderness takes us back to Genesis 3. We are to see the parallels with the first Adam.

 

But there is at least one major difference. When the first Adam was tossed into the wilderness, he went against his will. Who would want to leave Paradise and go there? It was like when I was forced to leave a hot shower, good food, and comfortable cot, to go out into the field. I never did that willingly.

 

But our Lord did. He allowed Himself to be tossed out into the wilderness. We all know why. Such was His love for us.

 

 

Netanyahu likes to recall Amalek




“Jews traditionally hear the story of the Amalek ambush and God’s decree

that they be eliminated on the Shabbat service before the holiday of Purim.

[Professor] Shanes said it is perhaps the most important of all Torah readings”. 

 Noah Lanard

  

The Biblical story of Amalek evoked by Netanyahu - ABC listen

 

In one of the most controversial cases to come before the International Court of Justice, South Africa has accused Israel of committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. Israel strongly rejects the claim as a "blood libel."

 

In its argument, South Africa points to a violent story in the Hebrew Bible, in which God commands the Israelites to wipe out the people of Amalek. It’s a story Israel's prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, has evoked since the attack by Hamas on October 7. Why is this ancient story powerful in modern Israel – and a key part of the court case? 

 

Professor Atalia Omer specialises in Jewish and Israeli history and politics at the University of Notre Dame in the US. 

 

Program: The Biblical story of Amalek evoked by Netanyahu

 

Source:ABC Radio National|Program:The Religion and Ethics Report

Wed 24 Jan 2024 at 4:00pmWednesday 24 Jan 2024 at 4:00pm

 

The Spirit of Amalek and the War on Israel - ICEJ

 

There is an ancient hatred – even a demonic spirit – at work which shares these exact aspirations. It manifested itself repeatedly through the descendants of Amalek, and eventually infected many other peoples as well. This vicious Spirit of Amalek arose once more on October 7th. Rabbinic literature presents Amalek as the arch enemy of the Jewish people. Today, we call it violent antisemitism. 

 

Noah Lanard, for his part, will warn of (2023):

The Dangerous History Behind Netanyahu’s Amalek Rhetoric – Mother Jones

 

The Dangerous History Behind Netanyahu’s Amalek Rhetoric

 

His recent biblical reference has long been used by the Israeli far right to justify killing Palestinians.

 

On Saturday, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that Israelis were united in their fight against Hamas, whom he described as an enemy of incomparable cruelty. “They are committed to completely eliminating this evil from the world,”

 

Netanyahu said in Hebrew. He then added: “You must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible. And we do remember.”

 

There are more than 23,000 verses in the Old Testament. The ones Netanyahu turned to, as Israeli forces launched their ground invasion in Gaza, are among its most violent—and have a long history of being used by Jews on the far right to justify killing Palestinians.

 

As others quickly pointed out, God commands King Saul in the first Book of Samuel to kill every person in Amalek, a rival nation to ancient Israel. “This is what the Lord Almighty says,” the prophet Samuel tells Saul. “‘I will punish the Amalekites for what they did to Israel when they waylaid them as they came up from Egypt.

 

Now go, attack the Amalekites and totally destroy all that belongs to them. Do not spare them; put to death men and women, children and infants, cattle and sheep, camels and donkeys.’”

 

Forty-seven percent of Israeli Jews said in a poll conducted last month that Israel should “not at all” consider the “suffering of the civilian Palestinian population in Gaza” in the next phase of fighting.

 

The Amalek reference is one of many comments by Israeli leaders that serve to help justify a devastating response to the brutal Hamas attack on October 7 that took the lives of more than 1,400 people in Israel. A member of the Knesset has called for a second Nakba, in reference to the expulsion of Palestinians that Israel carried out in its 1948 war with Arab neighbors. A military spokesperson said about Israel’s initial airstrikes that “the emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy.”

 

More than 9,000 people in Gaza have now been killed, including more than 3,700 children, according to the Gaza Health Ministry.

 

“Saul’s failure to kill every Amalekite posed

an existential threat to the Jewish people”.

 

A spokesperson for UNICEF now says that Gaza is a “graveyard for thousands of children” and a “living hell for everyone else.” Forty-seven percent of Israeli Jews said in a poll conducted last month that Israel should “not at all” consider the “suffering of the civilian Palestinian population in Gaza” in the next phase of fighting.

Casting the enemy as Amalek reinforces that attitude.

 

Joshua Shanes, a professor of Jewish Studies at the College of Charleston, explained that the biblical animosity toward the Amalekites stems from what is described as the merciless ambush they launched against vulnerable Israelites making their way to the promised land. The attack leads God to tell Moses to wipe out Amalek. Hundreds of years later, Saul nearly fulfills the command by killing all Amalekite men, women, and children. But he spares their king, who keeps his people barely alive by having a child. Many more generations later, one of his descendants, the villain Haman, goes on to develop a plot to kill all the Jews living in exile under a Persian ruler. The lesson, when read literally, is clear: Saul’s failure to kill every Amalekite posed an existential threat to the Jewish people.

 

Jews traditionally hear the story of the Amalek ambush and God’s decree that they be eliminated on the Shabbat service before the holiday of Purim. Shanes said it is perhaps the most important of all Torah readings. 

 

Rabbi Jill Jacobsthe head of T’ruah, a rabbinical human rights organziation—said that rabbis generally agree that Amalek no longer exists, and that references to it do not provide a morally acceptable justification for attacking anyone. “The overwhelming history of Jewish interpretation is to interpret it metaphorically,” Jacobs said, explaining that one common approach is to see it as a call to stamp out evil inclinations within ourselves.

 

Rabbi Jill Jacobs said that rabbis generally agree that Amalek no longer exists, and that references to it do not provide a justification for attacking anyone.

Nevertheless, Jacobs said that it remains common for Israeli extremists to view Palestinians as modern-day Amalekites. In 1980, the Rabbi Israel Hess wrote an article that used the story of Amalek to justify wiping out Palestinians. Its title has been translated as “Genocide: A Commandment of the Torah,” as well as The Mitzvah of Genocide in the Torah.”

 

In his 1997 book, The Vanishing American Jew, celebrity attorney and Harvard professor emeritus Alan Dershowitz made a point of expressing his disgust about the article and the idea that Palestine was Amalek. He asked, “How can anyone distinguish this incitement to murder from similar incitements by Muslim fundamentalists who quote the Koran as authority for genocide against Jews?”

 

The Brooklyn-born extremist Baruch Goldstein also saw Palestine as Amalek. In 1994, he slaughtered 29 Muslims praying at a mosque in Hebron, a city in the occupied West Bank that is sacred to Jews and Muslims. Goldstein carried out the massacre on Purim, one week after he would have heard the biblical retelling of the command to wipe out a rival nation. As the journalist Peter Beinart and others have written, the timing was not a coincidence.   

 

Goldstein’s grave has become a pilgrimage site for the Israeli far right. His tomb says he died of “clean hands and pure heart.” Goldstein’s admirers have included Itamar Ben-Gvir, Israel’s current minister of national security. For Purim, a holiday on which Jews sometimes wear costumes, Ben-Gvir dressed as Goldstein on multiple occasions in his youth. He kept a picture of Goldstein in his living room until 2020. He has an extensive criminal record that includes convictions for supporting a terrorist organization and inciting racism.

 

Shanes said that it was “incredibly dangerous and irresponsible and deliberate” for Netanyahu to invoke Amalek, given the ongoing war and [how it] is understood by the far right. He added that calling the enemy Amalek will make it more difficult for people who try to defend the position that Israel is not “involved in a crime against humanity or a genocidal act.”

 

Beinart, an Orthodox Jew who previously edited the New Republic and now writes on Substack, expressed similar concern.

 

“The wisdom of rabbinic tradition was to declare that we no longer know who Amalek is because that restrains the genocidal plain meaning of the Biblical text,” he wrote in email. “So in claiming that he knows who Amalek is, [Netanyahu] is undoing the moral scaffolding created by Jewish tradition and asserting a Biblical literalism that is alien to the Judaism of the last two thousand years and, given the military power at his disposal, is frankly terrifying.”

 

Jacobs stressed that Netanyahu saying Amalek does not mean that Israel is carrying out genocide. She said that while Hamas and Israel have committed war crimes, Israel’s actions do not meet the international standard of genocide. “It’s not a term that should be thrown around casually at all,” she explained, particularly against a people that have experienced genocide. Instead, Jacobs sees Netanyahu, who she described as “totally right-wing and incompetent,” referring to Amalek as yet another case of him “being irresponsible and inciting.” (Netanyahu has previously compared the prospect of a nuclear Iran to Amalek.)

 

Harvard professor emeritus Alan Dershowitz told me this week that he supported Netanyahu “100 percent” to the extent that the prime minister was equating Hamas with Amalek.

 

In a brief phone call, Dershowitz told me this week that he supported Netanyahu “100 percent” to the extent that the prime minister was equating Hamas with Amalek. When I mentioned the command to kill Amalekite women and children, Dershowitz responded, “There are other parts of the Bible that say the opposite; that you can’t even destroy a fruit tree.” That is true, but Netanyahu did not cite those parts of the Bible. Instead, he turned to something that the far right has long used as a justification for genocide during a war in which some argue Israel is committing genocide. (On Thursday, a group of United Nations experts said that Palestinians are at “grave risk of genocide.”)

 

Shanes was not convinced by Dershowitz’s defense that Hamas is Amalek.

 

For one, he said, Amalek is clearly described as a nation, not a political party. “If someone says, ‘I just mean the bad members of the Palestinians. I mean Hamas…,’ that’s not the effect it has in the body politic,” Shanes said. “The effect it has is, We have to wipe these people out.”